Theories Of Human Nature By Karl Marx And Thomas Hobbes Essay

In both theories of human nature by Karl Marx and Thomas Hobbes respectfully, each provide their own perspective on the fundamental point of human nature. Marx makes the argument that that humans are inherently cooperative and the capitalist system creates a state of nature where humans are competitive. In opposition to Marx’ argument, Hobbes may say that humans are inherently competitive and the social contract is what makes humans cooperate within the capitalist system. In response, Marx might say that the social contract is redundant because the social contract has no effect on the competition that resembles the state of nature within the capitalist system. The philosophy of Karl Marx begins with the belief that humans are inherently cooperative with common characteristics and shared ends. To human beings, life is considered an object and therefore, humans make their â€Å"life-activity itself the object of his will and of his consciousness† (Tucker 76). In other words, humans are able to think, imagine, and â€Å"produce even when he is free from physical need and only truly produces in freedom therefrom† (p. 76). It exemplifies that idea that humans not only have the capability to create things for survival but express themselves in what they produce, within the standards of the human race or universally. When capitalist wage-labor enters the picture, it forces these shared ends and the freedom of expression in human production to cease, causing a rise of competitiveness amongShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast the Philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Karl Marx843 Words   |  4 PagesLocke, Thomas Hobbes, an d Karl Marx In the idea of human nature; origin of state, the nature of government, the rights of regulation can be drawn as the reflection of insightful philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes and Karl Marx. By understanding this within the context of human nature, we can see their ideas play to how they perceive a modern philosophy. Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto illustrates the desire to build a society without economic classes. John Lockes Political Theory claimsRead MoreHobbes Vs. Marx On Government s First Duty1038 Words   |  5 PagesBryce Hurless Mrs. Sauter World History – Block G 15 December 2014 Topic #1 – Hobbes vs. Locke vs. Marx â€Å"Government’s first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives,† said Ronald Reagan. Some political philosophies like John Locke would agree to this statement, while other, like Thomas Hobbes would not, and some will both agree and disagree, like Karl Marx. You will come to learn why the â€Å"social contract† of John Locke is the best through the review of all three philosophers main ideasRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke928 Words   |  4 PagesPerspectives on human nature itself and the purpose of a government must be explicated to generalize what is needed and why. To create a positive and successful political institution these values must be viewed to attain the prime government. The state of nature is the freedom of individuals in a civilization where there is no formed society, government, laws, safety, etc. both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke take this into perspective while introducing a political view. As illustrated by Thomas Hobbes, J ohnRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s The Leviathan Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pagestopic of human nature and government, but it was ultimately these philosophers who used natural law to explain the aspects of humanity, it was these men’s ideas who were key to the era of Enlightenment and life beyond it. Born on April 5 1588, Thomas Hobbes came to be known as one of the greatest philosophers in the world. In his most famous work, the Leviathan, he sets forth his ideas on government and law. Thomas Hobbes believed that all humans were born with sin. He believed that all humans were evilRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1256 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern philosophers focused more prominently on human nature instead of the pressing matters of diverse government systems. Granted, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke do discuss political systems to some extent, but they are nowhere near as invested in the ideas of the just and political systems which enticed Plato and Socrates. John Locke was a forward thinker who believed that man is inherently a social animal. Thomas Hobbes takes the counter to this theory with the belief that man is not a social animalRead MorePolitical Science And Political Philosophy Essay3559 Words   |  15 Pageshave given different theories. They practiced political science as a political philosophy. They gave their different thought by writing many concept of political philosophy. These theories have helped the people to recognize the actual process of public policies for establishing good governance. It also helps a nation to overcome political conflict. Political philosophy will help the citizens to understand why things need to be changed.†Political philosophy explores the nature, principles, and rationaleRead MoreThe Three Philosophies Of Thomas Hobbes1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe three philosophies of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Karl Marx are all very different from each other, but they all share the same intention of benefiting the people within society based off different methods of ruling, viewpoints, and different social contracts. These different methods were based off different viewpoints of human nature and what each philosopher believed the role of the government was. Seventeenth-Century thinker, Thomas Hobbes thought that all people were naturally cruel, greedyRead MoreKarl Marx : A German Influential Philosopher And One Of The Intellectual Fathers Of Communism1477 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx is known to be a German influential philosopher and one of the intellectual fathers of communism, writing when the industrial revolution and imperialism period was changing the nature of both the economies of individual nations and the global economy itself. He eradicated his view on the effects these changes had on individual workers and society. This introduced many of his theories, one of which was the idea of alienated labor. Alienated labor was written in 1844, Marx sets the view thatRea d MoreCapitalism and Proletariats945 Words   |  4 Pages Critiques of social contract theories abound, even including criticisms from social contract theorists themselves, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau. John Locke’s social contract theory remains one of the prominent theories to this day, and includes the idea that a thing owned in common can be obtained by adding one’s labor to it. Critics of social contract theories aren’t simply seeking to negate the theories of social contract theories, but in many cases are seeking to enhance them and show howRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Views On Political Philosophy Essay3649 Words   |  15 Pagesenvironment governed by the laws that provides happiness to everyone. Plato gives the concept of an â€Å"Ideal State† in his book, where the justice, education, â€Å"Ideal Man† and the best form of government are described. According to Plato, the state is like a human being which consists of three elements- reason, spirit, and appetite. And state should be made o f three things-Philosophers, Soldiers and Workers. Plato’s ruler is known as the â€Å"Philosopher King† who represents reason. He makes law but he is above

Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Free Essays

This short essay contains an outline of the pertinent points and concepts discussed by R. Businessmen Fuller In his essay Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, which puts forward one argument for evolution. ‘Earth is only eight thousand miles in diameter, which is almost a negligible dimension in the great vastness of space. We will write a custom essay sample on Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our nearest star – the sun – is ninety-two million miles away. The nearest star after that ‘is one hundred thousand times further. It takes approximately four and one-third years for light to get to us’ (Fuller: 1969: Pl) It puts us Into perspective. We are Just one of nine planets In one of one Right now, we are traveling at sixty-thousand miles an hour around the sun, as well as spinning axially, which adds approximately one thousand miles per hour to our motion. Each minute we both spin at one hundred miles and zip in orbit at one thousand miles. ‘ However our earth is so ‘extraordinarily well invented’ that we don’t feel this. To our knowledge, humans have been on earth for two million years’ and not even been aware of this. ‘Its so superbly designed’ that It Is able to keep life regenerating despite’ the fact that it should be impossible. Fuller: 1969: Pl ) To our knowledge, the sun has to be at Just the right distance away from us to be able to emit the energy we and our plants need to survive but not too close as to fry us. We also have to have the perfect amount of gravitational pull to hold us to the earth. Too much and we wouldn’t be able to move but not enough and we would float off Into space. If either one of these were to be slightly out of place we wouldn’t exist. This, from our knowledge to date 18. 10. 13, is proven by the fact that in our Milky-way we are the only planet with life form. That’s not to disprove that in the future we loud find other life forms existing on other planets in other galaxies. It is statistically probable that there are other planets homing other species because of the fact that there are approximately one hundred billion other galaxies. There are approximately 8. 7 million different animal species on earth (Moral, C et all 2011) plus another 400,000 different species of plant Offers: 2008) All of these survive on the earths surface. However there’s not just one of each species. For example, there are approximately 7,186,560,610 humans on this planet (accurate at 10:ma’am 18/10/13). Current World Population: 2013) If we assume that every species has that number of participants then you are looking at 6. 5397702 x ION 6 (calculated by humans x animal species + humans x plant species) That’s a lot for one planet to keep alive. Its amazing that we even exist and yet we do. Not only do we exist but we have evolved. ‘Quite clearly, all of life as designed and born is utterly helpless at the moment of birth’ and humans ‘stay helpless for a lot longer’ than any other species. ‘intellect. We had to experience and learn how to contend with difficulties and wrought ‘comprehensive reviews of the compound facts of experiences using intellect’ we found ‘awareness. ‘ We can differentiate between the red berries that will kill us and the red berries that will nourish us. ‘ (Fuller: 1969: UP) We ha ve also learnt to cultivate more of these botanical edibles by genetically inbreeding (Fuller: 1969: Pl) ‘Only as [man] learned to generalize fundamental principles of physical universe did man learn to us his intellect effectively. ‘ (Fuller: 1969: UP) We have been able to discover and understand science. That we are endowed with such intuitive and intellectual capabilities’ which we have gained from experiences and the earth have meant that we are able to discover fundamental principles governing the fundamental design of life. ‘ (Fuller: 1969: UP) For example, R. N. A (Ribonucleic Acid) and D. N. A (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and in discovering these we have been able to ‘increase our survival potentials millions fold. ‘ (Fuller: 1969: UP) In conclusion, we are only one small species on one tiny planet in the ‘great vastness of space’ and so really we are inconsequential. Yet what we have achieved, the percussions and effects we create Just go to show that whilst we may be small we are powerful. In the past 2,000 years we have evolved from thinking the earth is flat to realizing that not only is the earth round but that it is part of a universe. From this we have created rockets that can take us out of our earths atmosphere and into space. Give us another 500+ years and we will have achieved Warp Speed technology. The fact that our planet can have, sustain and regenerate millions of life forms only emphasizes our potential and proves how much more we can learn. How to cite Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, Papers

Global Supply Network Embeddedness and Power †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Supply Network Embeddedness and Power. Answer: Introduction When an entity wishes to expand their business, there are a number of crucial factors which have to be given due consideration, before opting for a medium of expansion (Chan, 2006). A company can choose to expand its business by hiring an agent of other nation, hiring a distributor to sell their products, or can opt for the formation of a joint venture with an entity of the nation in which the company wants to expand itself. Harry Incorporated (fictional company) is faced with this very dilemma of which method they need to opt for expanding their business in China. Harry Incorporated is expanding its based in China, where the long term plan of the company is to form a branch in China, to tap its growing market. The reason for opting for China is that the nation has the largest population in the world, let alone the Eastern nations, and for a fast food company like ours, a higher population raises the prospects of profits (Hackett, 2014). However, instead of directly setting base in China, the company wants to evaluate the conditions present in the nation. And so, a dilemma has been raised on which method the company should opt for as its beginning in China. Thus, the report presents an evaluation of the three options available with it for expanding in China. Once this is done, the key requirements of establishing such option would be highlighted. Harry Incorporated has three options for the legal relations which the company can form with an enterprise of China whereby it will be able to expand its operations in the nation. In the following parts, the key aspects of these options in context of their strengths and weaknesses have been analysed. Agency/ Distributor- An Alternative An agent is a person who acts for some other person, known as principal and the agents undertakes the act for the sale or purchase of products of the principal. The agent is given the authority by the principal to act on his behalf. When a contract is drawn, it is created between the consumer and the principal and not between the agent and the consumer. As a result of this, the principal is liable for the acts undertaken by the agent and this includes the acts which are carried out outside the scope of authority given to the agents, based on the concept of ostensible authority, as the agent portrays to have the authority, making the principal liable (Benett, 2014). A distributor on the other hand buys the product from the company and sells it to his own consumers. As the name suggests, the distributor is essentially, the distributor of the products. This is done in the name of the distributor itself. And as a result of this, for the acts of the distributor, the liability is not raise d for the principal save for certain specified conditions (Mullet, 2017). In the matter of goods ownership, the ownership of the product never lies truly in the hands of agent. The reason for this is that the agents only have the role of representing the principals supplier in a different nation, and the principal is the manufacturer of such product. In the case of distributors, the goods are purchased by the distributor from the manufacturer and then this product is sold in the international market, to the customers of the manufacturer. Owing to these reasons, the distributor obtains the products title. There is also a choice with the distributors on the target audience to which they want to sell their products. Hence, they can choose to make the sale to retailers, to wholesaler, and even through e-portals to other audience (Murphy Marketing, 2016). When it comes to the agency, the exporting party, i.e., the supplier has the responsibility of making payment to the agent, and is usually in the form of commission based on the sale of product, achievement of targets or on the sale value of the product. The exporting party fixes the price of sale on the basis of inputs, which the agents provide to the seller, and this relates to the local or domestic market (Singh, 2015). When it comes to the distributors, the distributors earn their revenue by adding margins to the price of the product. This result in the prices of the product being raised and in order to bring this down, the principal has to absorb the margins of distributors in order to avoid the prices of the product from being raised. So, to avoid decline in the customers, the principal forgoes a part of their profits. Also, the fee given to the distributor is quite high in comparison to the compensation given to the agents (Alliance Expert, 2017). The agents are responsible for getting the orders for the exports and in return for this service, the agents collects the payment from the consumers, and also delivers the invoices as a representative of the exporter. Hence, the marketing operations of agents relate to the sales activities and the network development. On the other hand, for the distributors, the duty of taking care with regards to the stock in terms of its presence, its restocking and the inventor, is that of the distributor and also for reducing the lead order time. The distributors also have in their hands, the power of granting credit and the limit of granting credit to certain set of consumers and they often provide after sale services to the consumers (Scotter, 2017). The responsibility of covering the marketing risks lies with the distributors in addition to offering the services to the consumers when compared with the agents. Due to these reasons, the distributors are able to charge a higher fee in comparison to the agents. The agents usually have a carry the products of only one principal and also have smaller range of products, when compared to the distributors. The agents are not restricted by jurisdiction which is often the case with the distributors, particularly with regards to the restriction of selling the product in the nation from which the same is being exported. Owing to these reasons, the agent stays focused on the products of the principal. The principal does have a better control over the suppliers based on the training of the agents and the sale techniques where the principal has control. In case of distributors, they sell multiple products of different people at a single instance resulting in their focus being divided with different products. This also means that the focus of the distributor remains divided which makes it difficult for the suppliers to train them and also disallows the control over the sale staff of the distributor (Salzano, 2014). Joint Venture- Most Suitable A JV, or a joint venture, is another mode through which a business can enter in foreign lands. In a JV, usually two companies combine their resources for carrying on a business in unified manner for carrying on a business. A JV has features of sharing in terms of risks, return, ownership and even governance (Shishido, Fukuda and Umetani, 2015). Most of the time, a JV is opted for establishing temporary arrangements between two business entities, where they come to do a particular task, and when the venture is completed, the JV is ended in the manner provided under the JV agreement (Yeniyurt and Carnovale, 2017). The reason for opting JV lies in the key features of it. A JV is chosen for taking advantage of economies of scale where by combing the assets and operations of the companies, the JV attains benefits. This is followed by the ability of sharing risks in terms of different investments and crucial projects. A JV also helps in the skills and capabilities being combined in addition to getting an access to the emerging markets, by forming association with an entity from such market (Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Zentes, 2011). The companies are also able to unite their skills, expertise and their competition, particularly when the companies are otherwise unrelated. The companies also get an opportunity of participating in such ventures, which would have not been possible for the lack of requisite resources, and working towards a common goal. Lastly, through a JV, the costs are reduced and the risks and liabilities associated with the venture, is spread amongst the JV participants (Campbell and Netzer, 2009). JV has a number of disadvantages also and the biggest one lies in the limiting of opportunities as the participants are not allowed to work outside the JV. Apart from this, the exclusive agreements bind both the parties, which are often seen as the reason for avoiding JVs (Wolf, 2011). Often, there is a disparity in the division of responsibilities and resources, which often leads to a single party contributing most of the resources and lifting the weight of the JV on its shoulders (Gutterman, 2009). For Harry Incorporated, the most suitable choice is to form a JV with an enterprise of China. This would allow the company to gain an understanding into the real time working environment and the possible problems which can be brought up in future. This would help the company in also understanding the taste and the food standards followed by the local people, which in the long run, would help the company in opening up its fast food joint, without any JVs. The agency would restrict the JV as the agents would not be able to work with as much commitment as a JV would have; and a distributor would discard the name of the company, as the same would not be used by the distributor. Thus, Harry Incorporated needs to form a legal relation of JV with an entity of China. Key Terms of JV Agreement As it has been established in the previous segment that the best option of Harry Incorporated is to go for a JV, and the negotiations in this regard have already been undertaken by the MD of the company, with XYZ Incorporated, which is an entity of China, there is now a need to draw up the JV Agreement. However, care has to be taken when the same is chalked out, particularly with regards to the key terms to be included in the JV agreement. Some of the important terms which have to be carefully inserted in the JV Agreement have been summarized below. Basic Details: A JV Agreement has to start with the basic details of the JV. So, this part would cover the requirements of parties details, the address of office, the name of JV, the nature of JV, the structure and conditions of the venture and the related details of the parties in legal terms (Saracens Solicitors, 2015). There is also a need for the JV to clearly state the manner in which the profits would be shared amongst the parties. Governing Law: The agreement clearly needs to the state the laws which would apply on the venture. This has to be both in general and specific terms, and the statutory and the common laws. A particular care also has to be taken with regards to the laws regarding foreign investment. Also, there is a need to provide the party which would be taking the relevant licenses and permissions to set up the business (Prescott and Swartz, 2010). Parties rights and Contributions: There is a need for the contributions made by each party to be clearly stated and this has to be done for the financial contributions and the non-financial ones as well. The manner in which these contributions would be made also has to be stated clearly otherwise the same can result in a dispute after the joint venture is started. The rights of each party also have to be stated and also the possible approvals or permissions which have to be taken, particularly to define the scope of each party have to be stated (Yan and Luo, 2016). Exit strategy: The JV has to clearly provide the tenure or the activity for which it would continue. Apart from this, the manner in which the same would be ended, the manner in which profits and losses would be borne by each party and the other relevant details of exiting from JV agreement, even before the time or the task ends (Duncan, 2012). Dispute Resolution: The JV agreement has to state clearly which method would be opted for when a dispute is raised between the parties. There is a need to state if the litigation method would be opted, and where this method is opted, the particular court in which the matter would be presented, or the specific court where an application has to be made. The parties can also choose the alternative dispute resolution methods where they can use the techniques of arbitration, mediation and conciliation for resolving their disputes. The starting steps which have to be taken when the dispute is brewing at its initial stages have to be stated in addition to the possibility of the parties claiming damages from the other party, when a loss has to be borne by them owing to this dispute (Duncan, 2012). Confidentiality Agreement: When two companies combine their resources, there is an exchange of information, which at the majority times is material, substantive, and confidential information. Thus, the JV Agreement has to cover a confidentiality clause where each party promises to uphold and protect the confidentiality of the other party and even that of the venture (American Bar, 2017). Other Terms: Apart from the aforementioned terms, there is a wide ambit of terms which have to be properly covered in a JV agreement. This includes the elements of governance, reporting details, manner of accessing information, budgetary considerations, scope and limitations of the venture, the strategies of the JV particularly in line with the entry strategy, the insurance details, tax considerations and the like (American Bar, 2017). Conclusion The discussion carried on the previous parts highlighted that Harry Incorporated is looking to expand its fast food business in China, and for this purpose, the company had the option of choosing for an agent, a distributor or a joint venture. On the basis of the needs of the company aligning with the joint venture structure, the company decided to opt for joint venture with ABC Incorporated in China. In this regard, the company has to take care of certain key terms, which have to be included in a careful manner in the JV agreement and the details of some of such key terms have been detailed in the second segment of this discussion. By opting for a JV Agreement in the manner stated above, Harry Incorporated would be able to form a temporary business in China, and gain an understanding to the taste and other key factors of the Chinese market. Upon the conclusion of the JV Agreement, the company can form a permanent establishment in the nation, on the basis of the experience it attaine d from this JV and would also prove if establishing business in China would be successful or not. References Alliance Expert. (2017) What is a franchise, distributorship or agency arrangement?. [Online] Alliance Expert. Available from: https://www.allianceexperts.com/en/knowledge/difference-between-an-agent-distributor-and-franchisor/ [Accessed on: 01/11/17] American Bar. (2017) Model Joint Venture Agreement. [Online] American Bar. Available from: https://apps.americanbar.org/buslaw/newsletter/0049/materials/book.pdf [Accessed on: 01/11/17] Bennett, H. (2014) Principles of the Law of Agency. Portland: Hart Publishing. Campbell, D., and Netzer, A. (2009) International Joint Ventures. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. Chan, K.Y. (2006) Business Expansion and Structural Change in Pre-War China: Liu Hongsheng and His Enterprises, 1920-1937. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Duncan, W.D. (2012) Joint Ventures Law in Australia. 3rd ed. Sydney, NSW: The Federation Press. Gutterman, A. (2009) A Short Course in International Joint Ventures. 3rd ed. California: World Trade Press. Hackett, C. (2014) Which six countries hold half the worlds population?. [Online] Pew Research Centre. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/07/11/half-the-worlds-population-live-in-just-6-countries/ [Accessed on: 01/11/2017] Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H., and Zentes, J. (2011) Strategic International Management: Text and Cases. 2nd ed. The Netherlands: Gabler Verlag. Mullet, R. (2017) What is the difference between an agent and a distributor?. [Online] Open To Export. Available from: https://opentoexport.com/article/what-is-the-difference-between-an-agent-and-a-distributor/ [Accessed on: 01/11/17] Murphy Marketing. (2016) Differences Between Agents and Distributors. [Online] Murphy Marketing. Available from: https://www.murphymarketing.ie/differences-between-agents-and-distributors/ [Accessed on: 01/11/17] Prescott, D., and Swartz, S. (2010) Joint Ventures in the International Arena. 2nd ed. USA: American Bar Association. Salzano, L. (2014) 4 key differences between trade agents and distributors. [Online] TRS management. Available from: https://therightsocialmedia.novertur.com/international-trade-2/4-key-differences-trade-agents-and-distributors/ [Accessed on: 01/11/17] Saracens Solicitors. (2015) All You Need To Know About Joint Venture Agreements. [Online] Saracens Solicitors. Available from: https://saracenssolicitors.co.uk/commercial/all-you-need-to-know-about-joint-venture-agreements [Accessed on: 01/11/17] Scotter, L. (2017) Sales Agent Vs. Distributor. [Online] Chron. Availab le from: https://work.chron.com/sales-agent-vs-distributor-19944.html [Accessed on: 01/11/17] Shishido, Z., Fukuda, Z., and Umetani, M. (2015) Joint Venture Strategies: Design, Bargaining, and the Law. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing. Singh, S. (2015) Difference Between Dealer and Distributor. [Online] Key Differences. Available from: https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-dealer-and-distributor.html [Accessed on: 01/11/17] Wolf, R.C. (2011) The Complete Guide to International Joint Ventures with Sample Clauses and Contracts. 3rd ed. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. Yan, A., and Luo, Y. (2016) International Joint Ventures: Theory and Practice. Oxon: Routledge. Yeniyurt, S., and Carnovale, S. (2017) Global supply network embeddedness and power: An analysis of international joint venture formations.International Business Review,26(2), 203-213.